Although actors of animal trypanosomosis epidemiological cycles have been extensively studied in the past, several important gaps remain to be filled:

• Some specific aspects of the bio-ecology of the tsetse flies and stable flies, such as chemical attractants and the biology and competence of mechanical vectors, have been poorly studied, while their understanding could improve vector control tools and predictive models

• On the host's side, immunological mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of trypanotolerance of livestock animal need to be further investigated to understand how to interfere with the infectious process and ultimately facilitate the dissemination of trypanotolerant breeds as a mean to counter losses due to animal trypanosomosis

• Regarding the increase of drug resistance of trypanosomes observed in the field, there is an urgent need to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, to develop accurate molecular tests and novel trypanocidal drugs

• Knowledge of the interactions between the key players of animal trypanosomosis within their environment will improve through fundamental and applied research using cutting-edge technology.